登记权利人与出资权利人关于物权归属争议的处理方法？

zsg


　　摘要：现实生活中经常出现登记的不动产物权人与真正的权利人不一致的情况。如甲由于种种原因借用乙的名义登记不动产物权，购房款由甲支付，双方之间订立了协议，约定该不动产的物权归甲所有，产权证由甲保存，该不动产也由甲实际使用，此后甲要求登记为产权人，甲便诉至法院，要求确认其对该不动产享有所有权。也有双方之间未订立协议，而产权证由甲保存，该不动产也由甲实际使用，此后甲要求登记为产权人，乙不同意，甲诉至法院，要求确认其对该不动产享有所有权。还有如双方合伙投资共同出资购买了一不动产，产权登记在乙的名下，双方之间订立了协议，约定双方共同投资的财产归双方共有，此后甲要求登记为产权人，乙不同意，甲便诉至法院，要求确认其对该不动产享有所有权。对于上述案例中原告的诉讼请求能否支持，存在不同观点，承办物权疑难复杂案件的资深律师分析给出法律答案。13240422999北京张律师

　　《物权法》第6条规定：“不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，应当依照法律规定登记。”第9条规定：“不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，经依法登记，发生效力；未经登记，不发生效力，但法律另有规定的除外。”第14条规定：“不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，依照法律规定应当登记的，自记载于不动产登记薄时发生效力。”登记是不动产物权的公示方法，且不动产物权只有经过登记才能发生法律效力；经过登记的不动产物权的权利人在法律上推定为真正的权利人，对于信赖该登记而从事交易的人，即使后来证明该登记是错误的，法律仍然承认其具有与真实的物权相同的法律效果。由公示公信原则便产生了《物权法》中的一项重要制度——善意取得制度。然而在现实生活中，经常出现登记的不动产物权人与真正的权利人不一致的情况，从而便产生了真正的权利人要求确认物权的纠纷案件。司法实践中对于此类案件的处理存在一定分歧，因而有必要加以探讨研究。
　　一、利害关系人对登记在他人名义下的不动产请求确认物权的纠纷处理：
　　现实生活中，经常出现登记的不动产物权人与真正的权利人不一致的情况。
　　例一：甲由于种种原因，借用乙的名义登记不动产物权，购房款由甲支付，双方之间订立了协议，约定该不动产的物权归甲所有，产权证由甲保存，该不动产也由甲实际使用，此后甲要求登记为产权人，甲便诉至法院，要求确认其对该不动产享有所有权。
　　例二：甲出于种种原因，借用乙的名义登记不动产物权，购房款由甲支付，但双方之间未订立协议，而产权证由甲保存，该不动产也由甲实际使用，此后甲要求登记为产权人，乙不同意，甲诉至法院，要求确认其对该不动产享有所有权。
　　例三：甲、乙双方合伙投资，共同出资购买了一不动产，产权登记在乙的名下，双方之间订立了协议，约定双方共同投资的财产归双方共有，此后甲要求登记为产权人，乙不同意，甲便诉至法院，要求确认其对该不动产享有所有权。
　　对于上述三个案例中原告的诉讼请求能否支持，存在不同观点。
　　第一种观点认为，不动产物权以登记为准，未经登记的不产生物权效力，在上述案例中，甲未登记为物权人，因此其请求确认其对该不动产享有所有权，没有法律依据，应不予支持；诉讼请求为要求乙归还其支付的购房款及利息，则法院判决予以支持。
　　第二种观点认为，尽管该不动产登记在乙的名下，但对于甲、乙之间的争议，应当根据其协议约定，判决支持甲的诉讼请求。
　　笔者同意上述第二种观点。
　　不动产物权登记产生的公示公信效力，是对社会公众产生的外部效力，即善意第三任有理由相信该登记而与登记的权利人进行交易，法律对善意第三人取得的权利亦予以保护，即善意取得制度。但是，不动产物权登记的效力，仅是一种推定效力，即推定登记的物权人为该不动产的权利人，在该不动产物权不涉及善意第三任的情况下，当事人有相反证据证明其为真正的权利人时，可以推翻这种推定，从而维护事实上的权利人。基于法理《物权法》第19条规定；“权利人、利害关系人认为不动产登记薄记载的事项错误的，可以申请更正登记。不动产登记薄记载的权利人书面同意更正或者有证据证明登记缺有错误的，登记机构应当予以更正。不动产登记薄记载的权利人不同意更正的，利害关系人可以申请异议登记。登记机构予以异议登记的，申请人在异议登记之日起十五日内不起诉，异议登记失效。异议登记不当，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以向申请人请求损害赔偿”。第33条规定：“因物权的归属、内容发生争议的，利害关系人可以请求确认权利。”在上述三案例中，如果当事人间有协议明确约定该不动产物权归属于甲的，则应支持甲的诉讼请求；如果没有协议约定，则应当综合分析当事人所提供的证据，判断甲出资并实际使用该房屋是否为物权人的意思表示，从而认定甲是否为真正的权利人；如果证据证明不足以认定甲为物权人，则应认定甲对乙享有债权。
　　二、尚未取得物权的不动产物权确认纠纷的处理：
　　实践中也经常出现当事人尚未取得不动产的物权，而起诉至法院要求确权的纠纷案件。
例如，甲、乙在恋爱期间共同出资购买了一套房屋，与房产商订立了房屋买卖合同，但尚未取得产权证。后甲、乙双方发生纠纷而终止恋爱关系，于是甲诉至法院，要求确认其对该房屋享有一半产权，或者以全部购房款均由其支付为由，要求确认其对该房屋享有全部产权。
　　对此类案件应如何处理，实践中有不同做法，有的判决予以支持，也有的判决驳回。笔者认为该类案件涉及物权法的重要原则——公示公信原则。如前文所述，登记是不动产物权的情况下不产生物权确认只有经过登记才发生的法律效力，在当事人尚未取得物权的情况下不产生物权确认问题。
　　在本案例中，甲、乙双方仅是与房产商订立了房屋买卖合同，但尚未取得产权证，因而其对该房屋仅享有债权，即要求房产商向其交付房屋、办理产权证的权利，而该权利尚未取得物权，因此当事人不能提起物权确认诉讼。在案例中，法院可以告知当事人可以追加房产商为当事人，并告知原告变更诉讼请求为要求房产商向其交付房屋，办理房屋产权过户手续；在双方共同出资的情况下，取得房屋产权的当事人应向另一方当事人支付折价补偿款。
　　三、共有纠纷的处理：
　　共有财产易发生纷争，管理利用甚为不便，为减少纷争，国家一般通过立法限制共有发生的范围。现代各国的财产所有权，以单独所有为常态，共有为我例外，一般限于婚姻家庭领域和特殊身份关系的私人之间，进而为了经济发展需要而推广至合伙关系之间。
　　共有分为按份共有和共同共有。按份共有是指按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产按照其份额享有所有权；共同共有是指共同共有人对共有的不动产或者动产共同享有所有权。当事人对用益物权、担保物权的共有被称为准共有。
　　1、对共有类型无约定或约定不明的处理：
　　实践中，当事人起诉要求对共有财产进行分割，但其对共有类型无约定或者约定不明，究竟应认定为按份共有还是共同共有？最高人民法院《执行民法通则意见》规定，“对于共有财产，部分共有人主张按份共有，部分共有人主张共同共有，如果不能证明财产是按份共有的，应当认定为共同共有”。《物权法》则规定：“共有人对共有的不动产或者动产没有约定为按份共有或者共同共有，或者约定不明确的，除共有人具有家庭关系等外，视为按份共有。”因此今后法院审理此类案件，应以《物权法》为依据，对共有类型无约定或约定不明的财产，认定为按份共有。
　　2、共有物的管理纠纷处理：
　　《物权法》规定：“共有人按照约定管理共有的不动产或者动产；没有约定
　　或约定不明确的，各共有人都有管理的权利和义务”。根据该规定，当事人对共有物的管理有约定的，从约定；无约定或约定不明，则共有人均有管理的权利和义务。
　　共有物的管理包括保存、改良和利用等三项内容。对于保存，任一当事人均可单独为之；对于改良，则应当有2/3以上份额的共有人同意而可为之；对于利用，应当由2/3以上份额的共有人同意而可为之。需要支出的是，当事人对共有物的利用达不成协议而诉至法院的，法院应不予受理。
　　3、共有物的分割纠纷处理：
　　分割条件：《执行民法通则意见》仅规定了共有关系终止时的分割援引，即共有人只有在共有关系终止时才可以请求分割，而《物权法》的规定则不限于此，共有人可以在符合法律规定的条件时要求分割共有物。具体是;（1）共有人不得分割共有的不动产或者动产，以维持共有关系的，应当按照约定，但共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以请求分割；（2）没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人可以随时请求分割，共同共有人在共有的基础丧失或者有重大理由需要分割时可以请求分割。因分割对其他人造成损害的，应当给予赔偿。
　　分割方式：《执行民法通则意见》仅规定在共同共有关系终止时，对共有财产的分割，有协议的，按协议处理；没有协议的，应当根据等分原则处理，并且考虑共有人对共有财产的贡献大小，适当照顾共有人生产、生活的实际需要等情况。但分割夫妻共有财产，应当根据《婚姻法》的有关规定处理。共有财产是特定物，而且不能分割或者分割有损其价值的，可以折价处理。《物权法》则吸纳了最高人民法院《执行民法通则意见》的规定：“共有人可以协商度额定分割方式。达不成协议，共有的不动产或者动产可以分割并且不会因分割减损价值的，应当对实物予以分割；难以分割或者因分割会减损价值的，应当对折价或者拍卖、变卖取得的价款予以分割。”由此可见，共有物分割方式有两种：一是协议分割，即共有人可以通过协议方式分割共有物；二是裁判分割，即如果共有人达不成协议，共有的不动产或者动产可以分割并且不会因分割减损价值的，应当对实物予以分割；难以分割或者因分割会减损价值的，应当对折价或者拍卖、变卖等取得的价款予以分割。
　　对于分割方案，《物管法》与《执行民法通则意见》的规定略有不同。《执行民法通则意见》的规定中未区分按份共有和共同共有，均是根据俄等分原则处理，兼顾考虑共有人对共有财产的贡献大小，适当照顾共有人生产、生活的实际需要等情况。而《物权法》仅对按份共有的分割方案作了规定，即按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产享有的份额，没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照出资额确定；不能确定出资额的，视为等额享有；对共同共有的分割方案未作明确规定。
　　此外《物权法》还规定，共有人分割所得的不动产或者动产有瑕疵的，其他共有人应当分担损失。
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA


(Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 29, 1988, promulgated by
Order No. 11 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 29, 1988, and effective as of April 1, 1989)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to developing the socialist commodity
economy, promoting technical progress, improving product quality,
increasing social and economic benefits, safeguarding the interests of the
State and the people and suiting standardization to the needs in socialist
modernization and in the development of economic relations with foreign
countries.
Article 2
Standards shall be formulated for the following technical requirements
that need to be unified:
(1) the varieties, specifications, quality and grades of industrial
products as well as the safety and sanitary requirements for them;
(2) the design, production, inspection, packing, storage, transportation
and methods of operation of industrial products as well as the safety and
sanitary requirements for them in the process of production, storage and
transportation;
(3) technical requirements and testing methods related to environmental
protection;
(4) the designs, construction procedure and safety requirements for
construction projects; and
(5) technical terms, symbols, code names and drawing methods related to
industrial production, project construction and environmental protection.
Major agricultural products and other items that need to be standardized
shall be designated by the State Council.
Article 3
The tasks of standardization shall include the formulation of standards
and organization of and supervision over the implementation of the
standards. Standardization shall be incorporated in the plan for national
economic and social development.
Article 4
The State shall encourage the active adoption of international standards.
Article 5
The department of standardization administration under the State Council
shall be in charge of the unified administration of standardization
throughout the country. Competent administrative authorities under the
State Council shall, in line with their respective functions, be in charge
of standardization in their respective departments and trades.
The departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
in charge of the unified administration of standardization within their
respective administrative areas. Competent administrative authorities
under the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government shall, in line with their respective
functions, be in charge of standardization in their respective departments
and trades within their respective administrative areas.
The standardization administration departments and the competent
administrative authorities of cities and counties shall, in line with
their respective functions as assigned by the governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government, be in charge of standardization within their respective
administrative areas.

Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Article 6
National standards shall be formulated for the technical requirements that
need to be unified nationwide. National standards shall be formulated by
the department of standardization administration under the State Council.
Where, in the absence of national standards, technical requirements for a
certain trade need to be unified, trade standards may be formulated. Trade
standards shall be formulated by competent administrative authorities
under the State Council and reported to the department of standardization
administration under the State Council for the record, and shall be
annulled on publication of the national standards. Where, in the absence
of both national and trade standards, safety and sanitary requirements for
industrial products need to be unified within a province, an autonomous
region or a municipality directly under the Central Government, local
standards may be formulated. Local standards shall be formulated by
departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and
reported to the department of standardization administration and the
competent administrative authorities under the State Council for the
record, and shall be annulled on publication of the national or trade
standards.
Where, in the absence of both national and trade standards for products
manufactured by an enterprise, standards for the enterprise shall be
formulated to serve as the criteria for the organization of production. An
enterprise's standards for its products shall be reported to the
standardization administration department and the competent administrative
authorities under the local government for the record. Where national or
trade standards have been formulated, the State shall encourage
enterprises to formulate their enterprise standards, which are more
stringent than the national or trade standards, to be used in these
enterprises.
Where the formulation of standards is otherwise provided for by law, such
legal provisions shall be complied with.
Article 7
National standards and trade standards shall be classified into compulsory
standards and voluntary standards. Those for safeguarding human health and
ensuring the safety of the person and of property and those for compulsory
execution as prescribed by the laws and administrative rules and
regulations shall be compulsory standards, the others shall be voluntary
standards.
The local standards formulated by standardization administration
departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the Central Government for the safety and sanitary requirements of
industrial products shall be compulsory standards within their respective
administrative areas.
Article 8
The formulation of standards shall be conducive to ensuring safety and the
people's health, safeguarding consumer interests and protecting the
environment.
Article 9
The standards to be formulated shall be conducive to a rational use of the
country's resources, a wider utilization of scientific and technological
gains and the enhancement of economic returns, conform to operation
instructions, increase the universality and interchangeability of
products, and be technologically advanced and economically rational.
Article 10
The standards to be formulated shall be coordinated with and supported by
related standards.
Article 11
The standards to be formulated shall help promote economic and
technological cooperation with foreign countries and foreign trade.
Article 12
The roles of trade associations, scientific research institutions and
academic organizations shall be brought into play in the formulation of
standards. A department engaged in the formulation of standards shall
organize a committee on standardization technology composed of
specialists, which shall be responsible for the drafting of the standards
and shall participate in the examination of the draft standards.
Article 13
After the standards come into force, the department that formulated them
shall, in the light of scientific and technological developments and the
needs in economic construction, make timely reviews of the current
standards to determine if they are to remain effective or are to be
revised or annulled.

Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Article 14
Compulsory standards must be complied with. It shall be prohibited to
produce, sell or import products that are not up to the compulsory
standards. With regard to voluntary standards, the State shall encourage
their adoption by enterprises on an optional basis.
Article 15
With respect to products for which national or trade standards have been
formulated, enterprises may apply to the standardization administration
department under the State Council or agencies authorized by the same
department for product quality authentication. For products which are
authenticated to conform to the standards, certificates shall be issued by
the department that made the authentication and the use of the prescribed
authentication marks shall be permitted on such products and the packing
thereof.
If products for which authentication certificates have been granted do not
conform to national or trade standards, or if products have not undergone
authentication or found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, no authentication marks shall be permitted for use on such
products leaving factories for sale.
Article 16
Technical requirements for export products shall comply with contractual
provisions.
Article 17
The development of new products, improvement of products or technical
renovation by an enterprise shall conform to standardization requirements.
Article 18
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level shall be responsible for supervision over and
inspection of the implementation of the standards.
Article 19
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level may, in accordance with needs, establish inspection
organizations or authorize inspection organizations of other units to
examine whether products conform to the standards. Where the laws and
administrative rules and regulations provide otherwise on inspection
organizations, such provisions shall apply.
Disputes over whether a product conforms to the standards shall be handled
in accordance with the inspection data provided by the inspection
organizations as specified in the preceding paragraph.

Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Article 20
Whoever produces, sells or imports products that do not conform to the
compulsory standards shall be dealt with according to law by the competent
administrative authorities as prescribed by the laws and administrative
rules and regulations. In the absence of such prescriptions, his products
and unlawful proceeds shall be confiscated and he shall be concurrently
fined by the administrative authorities for industry and commerce; where
serious consequences are caused and crimes are constituted, the person
directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the law.
Article 21
Where authentication marks are used on products leaving a factory for
sale, for which authentication certificates have been issued but which do
not conform to national or trade standards, the enterprise concerned shall
be ordered by the department of standardization administration to stop the
sale and shall be fined concurrently; where the circumstances are serious,
the authentication certificates shall be revoked by the department that
made the authentication.
Article 22
Whoever uses authentication marks, without authorization, on products
leaving a factory for sale, which have not undergone authentication or
have been found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, shall be ordered by the department of standardization
administration to stop the sale and shall concurrently be fined.
Article 23
A party which refuses to accept the punishment of confiscation of its
products and of its unlawful proceeds and a fine may, within 15 days of
receiving the penalty notice, apply for reconsideration to the office
immediately above the one that made the punishment decision; a party which
refuses to obey the reconsideration decision may, within 15 days of
receiving the reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's
court. The party also may, within 15 days of receiving the penalty notice,
directly bring a suit before a people's court. If a party neither applies
for reconsideration nor brings a suit before a people's court within the
prescribed time nor complies with the punishment decision, the office that
made the punishment decision shall apply to a people's court for
compulsory execution.
Article 24
Personnel responsible for the supervision, inspection and administration
of standardization who violate the law or neglect their duties, or are
engaged in malpractices for personal gains, shall be given disciplinary
sanctions; where crimes are constituted, their criminal responsibility
shall be investigated in accordance with the law.

Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 25
Rules for the implementation of this Law shall be formulated by the State
Council.
Article 26
This Law shall go into effect as of April 1, 1989.


Important Notice:
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.